22. Liquid crystal display controller (LCD)

This section applies to STM32WB55xx devices only.

22.1 LCD introduction

The LCD controller is a digital controller/driver for monochrome passive liquid crystal display (LCD) with up to eight common terminals, and up to 44 segment terminals to drive 176 (44x4) or 320 (40x8) LCD picture elements (pixels). The exact number of terminals depends on the device pinout, as described in the datasheet.

The LCD is made up of several segments (pixels or complete symbols) that can be turned visible or invisible. Each segment consists of a layer of liquid crystal molecules aligned between two electrodes. When a voltage greater than a threshold voltage is applied across the liquid crystal, the segment becomes visible. The segment voltage must be alternated to avoid an electrophoresis effect in the liquid crystal (which degrades the display). The waveform across a segment must then be generated, to avoid having a direct current (DC).

Glossary

Bias: number of voltage levels used when driving an LCD, defined as \( 1 / (\text{number of voltage levels used to drive an LCD display} - 1) \)

Boost circuit: contrast controller circuit

Common: electrical connection terminal connected to several (44) segments

Duty ratio: number defined as \( 1 / (\text{number of common terminals on a given LCD display}) \)

Frame: one period of the waveform written to a segment

Frame rate: number of frames per second (number of times the LCD segments are energized per second)

LCD (liquid crystal display): passive display panel with terminals leading directly to a segment

Segment: smallest viewing element (a single bar or dot used to help create a character on an LCD display)

22.2 LCD main features

• • Highly flexible frame rate control
• • Static, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, and 1/8 duty supported
• • Static, 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4 bias supported
• • Double-buffered memory allowing data in LCD_RAM registers to be updated at any time by the application firmware without affecting the integrity of the displayed data
  • – LCD data RAM of up to 16 x 32-bit registers, which contain pixel information (active/inactive)
• • Software selectable LCD output voltage (contrast), from \( V_{LCDmin} \) to \( V_{LCDmax} \)

• • No need for external analog components:
  • – Step-up converter, embedded to generate an internal \( V_{LCD} \) voltage higher than \( V_{DD} \)
  • – Software selection between external and internal \( V_{LCD} \) voltage source. In case of an external source, the internal boost circuit is disabled to reduce power consumption.
  • – Structure of the resistive network configurable by software to adapt the power consumption to match the capacitive charge required by the LCD panel
  • – Integrated voltage output buffers for higher LCD driving capability
• • Contrast that can be adjusted using two different methods:
  • – When using the internal step-up converter, the software can adjust \( V_{LCD} \) between \( V_{LCDmin} \) and \( V_{LCDmax} \)
  • – Programmable dead time (up to eight phase periods) between frames
• • Full support of low-power modes: the LCD controller can be displayed in Sleep, Low-power run, Low-power sleep, and Stop, or can be fully disabled to reduce power consumption
• • Built-in phase inversion for reduced power consumption and EMI (electromagnetic interference)
• • Start-of-frame interrupt to synchronize the software when updating the LCD data RAM
• • Blink capability:
  • – Up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, or all pixels that can be programmed to blink at a configurable frequency
  • – Software adjustable blink frequency to achieve around 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 Hz
• • Used LCD segment and common pins must be configured as GPIO alternate functions, and unused segment and common pins can be used for GPIO or for another peripheral alternate function

Note: When the LCD relies on the internal step-up converter, the VLCD pin must be connected to V _SS with a capacitor. Its typical value is 1 µF (see C _EXT value in the datasheet for details).

22.3 LCD functional description

22.3.1 General description

The LCD controller has five main blocks (see Figure 108 ):

Figure 108. LCD controller block diagram

Note: LCDCLK is the same as RTCCLK. Refer to the RTC/LCD clock description in the RCC section.

The frequency generator allows the user to achieve various LCD frame rates starting from an LCD input clock frequency (LCDCLK), which can vary from 32 kHz up to 1 MHz.

Different clock sources can be used to provide the LCD clock (LCDCLK/RTCCLK):

• • 32 kHz low-speed external RC (LSE)
• • 32 kHz low-speed internal RC (LSI)
• • High-speed external (HSE) divided by 32

22.3.2 Frequency generator

This clock source must be stable to obtain accurate LCD timing, and hence to minimize DC voltage offset across LCD segments. The input clock LCDCLK can be divided by any value from 1 to \( 2^{15} \times 31 \) (see Section 22.6.2 ).

The frequency generator consists of a prescaler (16-bit ripple counter), and a 16 to 31 clock divider. PS[3:0] in LCD_FCR selects LCDCLK divided by \( 2^{\text{PS}[3:0]} \) . If a finer resolution rate is required, DIV[3:0] in LCD_FCR can be used to divide the clock further by 16 to 31.

In this way, the user can roughly scale the frequency, and then fine-tune it by linearly scaling the clock with the counter. The output of the frequency generator block is \( f_{\text{ck\_div}} \) , which is the time base for the entire LCD controller. This frequency is equivalent to the LCD phase frequency, rather than the frame frequency (they are equal only in case of static duty).

The frame frequency ( \( f_{\text{frame}} \) ) is obtained from \( f_{\text{ck\_div}} \) by dividing it by the number of active common terminals (or by multiplying it for the duty).

The relation between the input clock frequency ( \( f_{\text{LCDCLK}} \) ) of the frequency generator and its output clock frequency \( f_{\text{ck\_div}} \) is:

This makes the frequency generator very flexible. An example of frame rate calculation is shown in the following table.

Table 115. Example of frame rate calculation

The frame frequency must be selected within a range between 30 and 100 Hz. This is a compromise between power consumption and acceptable refresh rate. In addition, a dedicated prescaler selects the blink frequency.

This frequency is defined as \( f_{\text{BLINK}} = f_{\text{ck\_div}} / 2^{(\text{BLINKF} + 3)} \) , with BLINKF[2:0] = 0, 1, 2, ..., 7.

The achieved blink frequency is in the range of 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 Hz.

22.3.3 Common driver

Common signals are generated by the common driver block (see Figure 108).

COM signal bias

Each COM signal has identical waveforms, but different phases. It has its maximum amplitude \( V_{\text{LCD}} \) or \( V_{\text{SS}} \) only in the corresponding phase of a frame cycle, while, during the other phases, the signal amplitude is:

• • \( 1/4 V_{\text{LCD}} \) or \( 3/4 V_{\text{LCD}} \) in case of \( 1/4 \) bias
• • \( 1/3 V_{\text{LCD}} \) or \( 2/3 V_{\text{LCD}} \) in case of \( 1/3 \) bias
• • \( 1/2 V_{\text{LCD}} \) in case of \( 1/2 \) bias

The selection between \( 1/2 \) , \( 1/3 \) , and \( 1/4 \) bias modes can be done through BIAS[1:0] in LCD_CR.

A pixel is activated when both of its corresponding common and segment lines are active during the same phase, when the voltage difference between common and segment is maximum during this phase. Common signals are phase-inverted to reduce EMI.

As shown in Figure 109, with phase inversion, there is a mean voltage of \( 1/2 V_{\text{LCD}} \) at the end of every odd cycle.

Figure 109. \( 1/3 \) bias, \( 1/4 \) duty

In case of \( 1/2 \) bias (BIAS = 01), the \( V_{\text{LCD}} \) pin generates an intermediate voltage equal to \( 1/2 V_{\text{LCD}} \) on node b for odd and even frames (see Figure 112).

COM signal duty

Depending on DUTY[2:0] in LCD_CR, the COM signals are generated with static duty (Figure 111), 1/2 duty (Figure 112), 1/3 duty (Figure 113), 1/4 duty (Figure 114), or 1/8 duty (Figure 115).

COM[n] n[0 to 7] is active during phase n in the odd frame, so the COM pin is driven to \( V_{LCD} \) .

During phase n of the even frame, the COM pin is driven to \( V_{SS} \) .

In the case of 1/3 (1/4) bias, COM[n] is inactive during phases other than n, so the COM pin is driven to 1/3 (1/4) \( V_{LCD} \) during odd frames, and to 2/3 (3/4) \( V_{LCD} \) during even frames.

In the case of 1/2 bias, if COM[n] is inactive during phases other than n, the COM pin is always driven (odd and even frame) to 1/2 \( V_{LCD} \) .

When static duty is selected, the segment lines are not multiplexed, which means that each segment output corresponds to one pixel. In this way, only up to 44 pixels can be driven. COM[0] is always active while COM[7:1] are not used, and are driven to \( V_{SS} \) .

When LCDEN in LCD_CR is reset, all common lines are pulled down to \( V_{SS} \) , and the ENS flag in LCD_SR becomes 0. Static duty means that COM[0] is always active, and only two voltage levels are used for segment and common lines: \( V_{LCD} \) and \( V_{SS} \) . A pixel is active if the corresponding SEG line has a voltage opposite to that of the COM, and inactive when the voltages are equal. In this way the LCD has maximum contrast (see Figure 110, Figure 111).

In Figure 110, pixel 0 is active, while pixel 1 is inactive.

Figure 110. Static duty case 1

In each frame, there is only one phase, hence \( f_{frame} \) is equal to \( f_{LCD} \) . If 1/4 duty is selected, there are four phases in a frame: COM[0] is active during phase 0, COM[1] is active during phase 1, COM[2] is active during phase 2, and COM[3] is active during phase 3.

Figure 111. Static duty case 2

In this mode, the segment terminals are multiplexed, and each of them control four pixels. A pixel is activated only when both its corresponding SEG and COM lines are active in the same phase. In case of 1/4 duty, to deactivate pixel 0 connected to COM[0], SEG[0] must be inactive during the phase 0 when COM[0] is active. To activate pixel 0 connected to COM[1], SEG[0] needs to be active during phase 1 when COM[1] is active (see Figure 114 ). To activate pixels from 0 to 43 connected to COM[0], SEG[0:43] must be active during phase 0 when COM[0] is active. These considerations can be extended to the other pixels.

8-to-1 mux

When COM[0] is active in the common driver block, it also drives the 8-to-1 mux shown in Figure 108 , to select the content of the first two RAM register locations. When COM[7] is active, the output of the 8-to-1 mux is the content of the last two RAM locations.

Figure 112. 1/2 duty, 1/2 bias

22.3.4 Segment driver

The segment driver block controls the SEG lines according to the pixel data coming from the 8-to-1 mux driven in each phase by the common driver block.

In the case of 1/4 or 1/8 duty

When COM[0] is active, the pixel information (active/inactive) related to the pixel connected to COM[0] (content of the first two LCD_RAM locations) goes through the 8-to-1 mux.

The SEG[n] pin n [0 to 43] is driven to \( V_{SS} \) (indicating pixel n is active when COM[0] is active) in phase 0 of the odd frame.

The SEG[n] pin is driven to \( V_{LCD} \) in phase 0 of the even frame. If pixel n is inactive, the SEG[n] pin is driven to \( 2/3 \) ( \( 2/4 \) ) \( V_{LCD} \) in the odd frame, or to \( 1/3 \) ( \( 2/4 \) ) \( V_{LCD} \) in the even frame (current inversion in \( V_{LCD} \) pad), see Figure 109 .

In case of 1/2 bias, if the pixel is inactive, the SEG[n] pin is driven to \( V_{LCD} \) in the odd and to \( V_{SS} \) in the even frame.

When the LCD controller is disabled (LCDEN cleared in LCD_CR) the SEG lines are pulled down to \( V_{SS} \) .

Figure 113. 1/3 duty, 1/3 bias

Figure 114. 1/4 duty, 1/3 bias

Figure 115. 1/8 duty, 1/4 bias

Blink

The segment driver also implements a programmable blink feature to allow some pixels to continuously switch on at a specific frequency. The blink mode can be configured by BLINK[1:0] in LCD_FCR, making it possible to blink up to 1, 2, 4, 8, or all pixels (see Section 22.6.2 ). The blink frequency can be selected from eight different values using BLINKF[2:0] in LCD_FCR.

Table 116 gives examples of different blink frequencies (as a function of ck_div frequency).

Table 116. Blink frequency

22.3.5 Voltage generator and contrast control

LCD supply source

The LCD power supply source comes from either the internal step-up converter, or from an external voltage applied on the VLCD pin. The internal or external voltage source can be selected using VSEL in LCD_CR. If an external source is selected, the internal boost circuit (step-up converter) is disabled to reduce power consumption.

When the step-up converter is selected as the \( V_{LCD} \) source, the \( V_{LCD} \) value can be chosen among a wide set of values from \( V_{LCDmin} \) to \( V_{LCDmax} \) by means of CC[2:0] (contrast control) in LCD_FCR (see Section 22.6.2 ). New values of \( V_{LCD} \) take effect at the beginning of a new frame.

When an external power source is selected as \( V_{LCD} \) source, the \( V_{LCD} \) voltage must be chosen in the range of \( V_{LCDmin} \) to \( V_{LCDmax} \) (see datasheets). The contrast can then be controlled by programming a dead time between frames (see Deadtime ).

A specific software sequence must be performed to configure the LCD, depending upon the power supply source. The LCD controller is considered as disabled prior to the configuration sequence.

If the internal step-up converter is used (capacitor \( C_{EXT} \) on VLCD pin is required):

• • Configure the VLCD pin as alternate function LCD in the GPIO_AFR register.
• • Wait for the external capacitor \( C_{EXT} \) to be charged ( \( C_{EXT} \) connected to the VLCD pin, approximately 2 ms for \( C_{EXT} = 1 \mu F \) )
• • Set voltage source to internal source by resetting VSEL in LCD_CR.

• • Enable the LCD controller by setting LCDEN in LCD_CR.

If the LCD external power source is used:

• • Set voltage source to external source by setting VSEL in LCD_CR.
• • Configure the VLCD pin as alternate function LCD in GPIO_AFR.
• • Enable the LCD controller by setting LCDEN in LCD_CR.

LCD intermediate voltages

The LCD intermediate voltage levels are generated through an internal resistor divider network, as shown in Figure 116 .

The LCD voltage generator issues intermediate voltage levels between \( V_{SS} \) and \( V_{LCD} \) :

• • \( 1/3 V_{LCD} \) and \( 2/3 V_{LCD} \) in case of 1/3 bias
• • \( 1/4 V_{LCD} \) , \( 2/4 V_{LCD} \) , and \( 3/4 V_{LCD} \) in case of 1/4 bias
• • only \( 1/2 V_{LCD} \) in case of 1/2 bias.

LCD drive selection

Two resistive networks, one with low-value resistors ( \( R_L \) ), and one with high-value resistors ( \( R_H \) ) are respectively used to increase the current during transitions, and to reduce power consumption in static state.

The EN switch follows the rules described below (see Figure 116 ):

• • If LCDEN is set in LCD_CR, the EN switch is closed.
• • When clearing LCDEN in LCD_CR, the EN switch is open at the end of the even frame, to avoid a medium voltage level different from 0 considering the entire frame odd plus even.

PON[2:0] (pulse on duration) in LCD_FCR configures the time during which \( R_L \) is enabled through the HD (high drive) switch when the levels of the common and segment lines change (see Figure 116 ). A short drive time leads to lower power consumption, but displays with high internal resistance may need a longer drive time to achieve satisfactory contrast.

Figure 116. LCD voltage control

1. 1. \( R_{LN} \) and \( R_{HN} \) are, respectively, the low and the high value resistance network.

The \( R_{LN} \) divider can be always switched on using HD in LCD_FCR (see Section 22.6.2 ).

The HD switch follows the rules described below:

• • If HD and PON[2:0] are reset in LCD_FCR, the HD switch is open.
• • If HD is reset in LCD_FCR, and PON[2:0] in LCD_FCR are different from 00, the HD switch is closed during the number of pulses defined in PON[2:0].
• • If HD = 1 in LCD_FCR, then HD switch is always closed.

After LCDEN is activated, RDY is set in LCD_SR to indicate that voltage levels are stable and the LCD controller can start operation.

Buffered mode

When voltage output buffers are enabled by setting BUFEN in LCD_CR, the LCD driving capability is improved, as buffers prevent the LCD capacitive loads from loading the resistor bridge unacceptably and interfering with its voltage generation. As a result, intermediate voltage levels are more stable, which improves RMS voltage applied to the LCD pixels.

In buffer mode, intermediate voltages are generated by the high value resistor bridge \( R_{HN} \) to reduce power consumption. The low value resistor bridge \( R_{LN} \) is automatically disabled whatever HD or PON[2:0] configuration.

Buffers can be used independently of the \( V_{LCD} \) supply source (internal or external), but they can be enabled or disabled only when the LCD controller is not activated.

Deadtime

In addition to using CC[2:0], the contrast can be controlled by programming a dead time between each frame. During the dead time, the COM and SEG values are put to \( V_{SS} \) . DEAD[2:0] in LCD_FCR can be used to program a time of up to eight phase periods. This dead time reduces the contrast without modifying the frame rate.

Figure 117. Dead time

22.3.6 Double-buffer memory

Using its double-buffer memory, the LCD controller ensures the coherency of the displayed information without having to use interrupts to control the LCD_RAM modification.

The application software can access the first buffer level (LCD_RAM) through the APB interface. Once it has modified the LCD_RAM, it sets UDR in LCD_SR. This UDR flag (update display request) requests the updated information to be moved into the second buffer level (LCD_DISPLAY).

This operation is done synchronously with the frame (at the beginning of the next frame). Until the update is completed, the LCD_RAM is write protected, and the UDR flag stays high. Once the update is completed, another flag (UDD, update display done) is set and generates an interrupt if UDDIE is set in LCD_FCR.

The time it takes to update LCD_DISPLAY is, in the worst case, one odd and one even frame. The update does not occur (UDR = 1 and UDD = 0) until the display is enabled (LCDEN = 1).

22.3.7 COM and SEG multiplexing

Output pins versus duty modes

The output pins consist of:

• • SEG[43:0]
• • COM[3:0]

Depending on the duty configuration, the COM and SEG output pins can have different functions:

• • In static, 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4 duty modes, there are up to 44 SEG pins and, respectively, one, two, three, and four COM pins
• • In 1/8 duty mode (DUTY[2:0] = 100), COM[7:4] outputs are available on SEG[43:40] pins, reducing to the number of available segments to 40.

Remapping capability for small packages

Additionally, it is possible to remap four segments by setting MUX_SEG in LCD_CR. This is particularly useful when using smaller device types with fewer external pins.

When MUX_SEG is set, output pins SEG[43:40] have the same function as SEG[31:28].

This feature is available only if the mode 1/8 duty is not selected.

Check the availability of this feature by referring to the pinout section of the datasheet.

For the considered package, check the availability of the SEG/COM multiplexing pin as follows (n = number of segments for the considered package):

• • LCD_SEG[n-1]/LCD_COM7/LCD_SEG[31]
• • LCD_SEG[n-2]/LCD_COM6/LCD_SEG[30]
• • LCD_SEG[n-3]/LCD_COM5/LCD_SEG[29]
• • LCD_SEG[n-4]/LCD_COM4/LCD_SEG[28]

For the considered package, check the availability of the SEG/COM multiplexing pin:

• • LCD_SEG[51]/LCD_COM7/LCD_SEG[31]
• • LCD_SEG[50]/LCD_COM6/LCD_SEG[30]
• • LCD_SEG[49]/LCD_COM5/LCD_SEG[29]
• • LCD_SEG[48]/LCD_COM4/LCD_SEG[28]

Summary of COM and SEG functions versus duty and remap

The possible ways of multiplexing the COM and SEG functions are described in the following table.

Table 117. Remapping capability

Table 117. Remapping capability (continued)

Table 117. Remapping capability (continued)

Table 117. Remapping capability (continued)

Table 117. Remapping capability (continued)

The following figure gives examples of signal connections to the external pins.

Figure 118. SEG/COM mux feature example

MS33449V2

22.3.8 Flowchart

Figure 119. Flowchart example

graph TD; START([START]) --> INIT["INIT<br/>- Enable the GPIO port clocks<br/>- Configure the LCD GPIO pins as alternate functions<br/>- Configure LCD controller according to the display to be driven"]; INIT --> LoadData["- Load the initial data to be displayed into<br/>LCD_RAM and set the UDR in LCD_SR"]; LoadData --> ProgramFCR["- Program the desired frame rate (PS and DIV in LCD_FCR)<br/>- Program the contrast (CC in LCD_FCR)"]; ProgramFCR --> EnableDisplay["Enable the display (LCDEN in LCD_CR)"]; EnableDisplay --> AdjustContrast{Adjust contrast?}; AdjustContrast -- Yes --> ChangeFCR["Change PS, DIV, CC, PON,<br/>DEAD, or HD in LCD_FCR"]; AdjustContrast -- No --> ModifyData{Modify data?}; ModifyData -- Yes --> UDR1{UDR = 1?}; UDR1 -- Yes --> AdjustContrast; UDR1 -- No --> ModifyRAM["Modify the LCD_RAM"]; ModifyRAM --> SetUDR["Set UDR in LCD_SR"]; SetUDR --> AdjustContrast; ModifyData -- No --> ChangeBlink{Change blink?}; ChangeBlink -- Yes --> ChangeBlinkFCR["Change BLINK or BLINKF<br/>in LCD_FCR"]; ChangeBlinkFCR --> AdjustContrast; ChangeBlink -- No --> DisableLCD{Disable LCD?}; DisableLCD -- Yes --> DisableDisplay["Disable the display (LCDEN in LCD_CR)"]; DisableDisplay --> ENS0{ENS = 0?}; ENS0 -- No --> DisableDisplay; ENS0 -- Yes --> END([END]);

MS33450V1

22.4 LCD low-power modes

The LCD controller can be displayed in Stop mode, or can be fully disabled to reduce power consumption.

22.5 LCD interrupts

The following table gives the list of LCD interrupt requests.

Table 118. LCD interrupt requests

Start of frame (SOF)

The LCD start of frame interrupt is executed if SOFIE (start of frame interrupt enable) is set in LCD_FCR. SOF is cleared by writing SOFC to 1 in LCD_CLR when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector.

Update display done (UDD)

The LCD update display interrupt is executed if UDDIE (update display done interrupt enable) is set in LCD_FCR. UDD is cleared by writing UDDC to 1 in LCD_CLR when executing the corresponding interrupt handling vector.

Depending on the product implementation, all these interrupts events can either share the same interrupt vector (LCD global interrupt), or be grouped into two interrupt vectors (LCD SOF and LCD UDD). Refer to Table 72: CPU1 vector table for details.

To enable the LCD interrupts, the following sequence is required:

1. 1. Configure and enable the LCD IRQ channel in the NVIC.
2. 2. Configure the LCD to generate interrupts.

22.6 LCD registers

These registers are accessed by words (32-bit).

22.6.1 LCD control register (LCD_CR)

Address offset: 0x00

Reset value: 0x0000 0000

VSEL, MUX_SEG, BIAS, DUTY, and BUFEN bitfields are write-protected when the LCD is enabled (ENS = 1 in LCD_SR).

Bits 31:9 Reserved, must be kept at reset value.

Bit 8 BUFEN : Voltage output buffer enable

This bit is used to enable/disable the voltage output buffer for higher driving capability.

0: Output buffer disabled

1: Output buffer enabled

Bit 7 MUX_SEG : Mux segment enable

This bit is used to enable SEG pin remapping. Four SEG pins can be multiplexed with SEG[31:28]. See Section 22.3.7 .

0: SEG pin multiplexing disabled

1: SEG[31:28] multiplexed with SEG[43:40]

Bits 6:5 BIAS[1:0] : Bias selector

These bits determine the bias used. Value 11 is forbidden.

00: Bias 1/4

01: Bias 1/2

10: Bias 1/3

11: Reserved

Bits 4:2 DUTY[2:0] : Duty selection

These bits determine the duty cycle. Values 101, 110, and 111 are forbidden.

000: Static duty

001: 1/2 duty

010: 1/3 duty

011: 1/4 duty

100: 1/8 duty

Others: Reserved

Bit 1 VSEL : Voltage source selection

This bit determines the voltage source for the LCD.

0: Internal source (voltage step-up converter)

1: External source (VLCD pin)

Bit 0 LCDEN : LCD controller enable

This bit is set by software to enable the LCD controller/driver. It is cleared by software to turn off the LCD at the beginning of the next frame. When the LCD is disabled, all COM and SEG pins are driven to \( V_{SS} \) .

0: LCD controller disabled

1: LCD controller enabled

22.6.2 LCD frame control register (LCD_FCR)

Address offset: 0x04

Reset value: 0x0000 0000

This register can be updated at any time, but the new values are applied only at the beginning of the next frame (except for UDDIE and SOFIE, which affect the device behavior immediately). The new value of CC[2:0] is also applied immediately, but its effect on the device is delayed at the beginning of the next frame by the voltage generator.

Reading this register gives the last value written in it, and not the configuration used to display the current frame.

When BUFEN is set in LCD_CR, the low resistor divider network is automatically disabled whatever HD or PON[2:0] configuration.

Bits 31:26 Reserved, must be kept at reset value.

Bits 25:22 PS[3:0] : PS 16-bit prescaler

These bits are written by software to define the division factor of the PS 16-bit prescaler.

\( ck\_ps = LCDCLK / (2^{PS[3:0]}) \) . See Section 22.3.2 .

0000: \( ck\_ps = LCDCLK \)

0001: \( ck\_ps = LCDCLK/2 \)

0002: \( ck\_ps = LCDCLK/4 \)

...

1111: \( ck\_ps = LCDCLK/32768 \)

Bits 21:18 DIV[3:0] : DIV clock divider

These bits are written by software to define the division factor of the DIV divider (see Section 22.3.2 .)

0000: \( ck\_div = ck\_ps/16 \)

0001: \( ck\_div = ck\_ps/17 \)

0002: \( ck\_div = ck\_ps/18 \)

...

1111: \( ck\_div = ck\_ps/31 \)

Bits 17:16 BLINK[1:0] : Blink mode selection

• 00: Blink disabled
• 01: Blink enabled on SEG[0], COM[0] (1 pixel)
• 10: Blink enabled on SEG[0], all COMs (up to 8 pixels depending on the programmed duty)
• 11: Blink enabled on all SEGs and all COMs (all pixels)

Bits 15:13 BLINKF[2:0] : Blink frequency selection

• 000: \( f_{LCD}/8 \)
• 001: \( f_{LCD}/16 \)
• 010: \( f_{LCD}/32 \)
• 011: \( f_{LCD}/64 \)
• 100: \( f_{LCD}/128 \)
• 101: \( f_{LCD}/256 \)
• 110: \( f_{LCD}/512 \)
• 111: \( f_{LCD}/1024 \)

Bits 12:10 CC[2:0] : Contrast control

These bits specify one of the \( V_{LCD} \) maximum voltages (independent of \( V_{DD} \) ).

• 000: \( V_{LCD0} \)
• 001: \( V_{LCD1} \)
• 010: \( V_{LCD2} \)
• 011: \( V_{LCD3} \)
• 100: \( V_{LCD4} \)
• 101: \( V_{LCD5} \)
• 110: \( V_{LCD6} \)
• 111: \( V_{LCD7} \)

Note: Refer to the datasheet for the \( V_{LCDx} \) values.

Bits 9:7 DEAD[2:0] : Dead time duration

These bits are written by software to configure the length of the dead time between frames. During the dead time the COM and SEG voltage levels are held at 0 V to reduce the contrast without modifying the frame rate.

• 000: No dead time
• 001: 1 phase period dead time
• 010: 2 phase period dead time
• .....
• 111: 7 phase period dead time

Bits 6:4 PON[2:0] : Pulse ON duration

These bits are written by software to define the pulse duration in terms of ck_ps pulses. A short pulse leads to lower power consumption, but displays with high internal resistance may need a longer pulse to achieve satisfactory contrast.

Note that the pulse is never longer than one half prescaled LCD clock period.

000: 0

001: 1/ck_ps

010: 2/ck_ps

011: 3/ck_ps

100: 4/ck_ps

101: 5/ck_ps

110: 6/ck_ps

111: 7/ck_ps

PON duration example with LCDCLK = 32.768 kHz and PS=0x03:

000: 0 µs

001: 244 µs

010: 488 µs

011: 782 µs

100: 976 µs

101: 1.22 ms

110: 1.46 ms

111: 1.71 ms

Bit 3 UDDIE : Update display done interrupt enable

This bit is set and cleared by software.

0: LCD update display done interrupt disabled

1: LCD update display done interrupt enabled

Bit 2 Reserved, must be kept at reset value.

Bit 1 SOFIE : Start of frame interrupt enable

This bit is set and cleared by software.

0: LCD start-of-frame interrupt disabled

1: LCD start-of-frame interrupt enabled

Bit 0 HD : High drive enable

This bit is written by software to enable a low resistance divider. Displays with high internal resistance may need a longer drive time to achieve satisfactory contrast. This bit is useful in this case if some additional power consumption can be tolerated.

0: Permanent high drive disabled

1: Permanent high drive enabled. When HD = 1, PON[2:0] must be programmed to 001.

22.6.3 LCD status register (LCD_SR)

Address offset: 0x08

Reset value: 0x0000 0020

Bits 31:6 Reserved, must be kept at reset value.

Bit 5 FCRSF : LCD frame control register synchronization flag

This bit is set by hardware each time the LCD_FCR register is updated in the LCDCLK domain. It is cleared by hardware when writing to the LCD_FCR register.

0: LCD frame control register not yet synchronized

1: LCD frame control register synchronized

Bit 4 RDY : Ready flag

This bit is set and cleared by hardware. It indicates the status of the step-up converter.

0: Not ready

1: Step-up converter enabled and ready to provide the correct voltage

Bit 3 UDD : Update display done

This bit is set by hardware. It is cleared by writing 1 to UDDC in LCD_CLR. The bit set has priority over the clear.

0: No event

1: Update display request done. A UDD interrupt is generated if UDDIE = 1 in LCD_FCR.

Note: If the device is in Stop mode (PCLK not provided), UDD does not generate an interrupt even if UDDIE = 1. If the display is not enabled, the UDD interrupt never occurs.

Bit 2 UDR : Update display request

Each time software modifies the LCD_RAM, it must set this bit to transfer the updated data to the second level buffer. This bit stays set until the end of the update. During this time, the LCD_RAM is write-protected.

0: No effect

1: Update display request

Note: When the display is disabled, the update is performed for all LCD_DISPLAY locations. When the display is enabled, the update is performed only for locations for which commons are active (depending on DUTY). For example, if DUTY = 1/2, only the LCD_DISPLAY of COM0 and COM1 are updated.

Writing 0 on this bit or writing 1 when it is already 1 has no effect. This bit can be cleared only by hardware when LCDEN = 1

Bit 1 SOF : Start-of-frame flag

This bit is set by hardware at the beginning of a new frame, at the same time as the display data is updated. It is cleared by writing a 1 to SOFC in LCD_CLR. The bit clear has priority over the set.

0: No event

1: Start-of-frame event occurred. An LCD SOF interrupt is generated if SOFIE is set.

Bit 0 ENS : LCD enabled status

This bit is set and cleared by hardware. It indicates the LCD controller status.

0: LCD controller disabled

1: LCD controller enabled

Note: This bit is set immediately when LCDEN in LCD_CR goes from 0 to 1. On deactivation, it reflects the real LCD status. It becomes 0 at the end of the last displayed frame.

22.6.4 LCD clear register (LCD_CLR)

Address offset: 0x0C

Reset value: 0x0000 0000

Bits 31:4 Reserved, must be kept at reset value.

Bit 3 UDDC : Update display done clear

This bit is written by software to clear UDD in LCD_SR.

0: No effect
1: Clear UDD flag.

Bit 2 Reserved, must be kept at reset value.

Bit 1 SOFC : Start-of-frame flag clear

This bit is written by software to clear SOF in LCD_SR.

0: No effect
1: Clear SOF flag.

Bit 0 Reserved, must be kept at reset value.

22.6.5 LCD display memory (LCD_RAMx)

Address offset: 0x14 + 0x4 * x (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14)

Reset value: 0x0000 0000

Bits 31:0 SEGMENT_DATA[31:0] :

Each bit corresponds to one pixel of the LCD display.
0: Pixel inactive
1: Pixel active

22.6.6 LCD display memory (LCD_RAMx)

Address offset: 0x14 + 0x4 * x (x = 1, 3, 5, 7)

Reset value: 0x0000 0000

Bits 31:12 Reserved, must be kept at reset value.

Bits 11:0 SEGMENT_DATA[43:32] :

Each bit corresponds to one pixel of the LCD display.
0: Pixel inactive
1: Pixel active

22.6.7 LCD display memory (LCD_RAMx)

Address offset: 0x14 + 0x4 * x (x = 9, 11, 13, 15)
Reset value: 0x0000 0000

Bits 31:8 Reserved, must be kept at reset value.

Bits 7:0 SEGMENT_DATA[39:32] :

Each bit corresponds to one pixel of the LCD display.
0: Pixel inactive
1: Pixel active

22.6.8 LCD register map

Table 119. LCD register map and reset values

Table 119. LCD register map and reset values (continued)

Refer to Section 2.2 for the register boundary addresses table.